Saturday, November 06, 2021

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Thanks to the Library of Congress, footage of the seventh game of the 1924 World Series where the Washington Senators played the New York Giants is available for all to watch. https://t.co/OVAroWwHVV #DCHistory Thanks to the Library of Congress, footage of the seventh game o…


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"The Washington Post March" by John Philip Sousa was first performed at the Smithsonian grounds in 1889 for the Washington Post Amateur Authors’ Association awards ceremony. https://t.co/qLCwDVW30o #DCHistory "The Washington Post March" by John Philip Sousa was first perform…


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Early 20th century postcard of the Civil War Tomb of the Unknowns at Arlington National Cemetery. The postcard shows the current design of the monument, which was in place by 1893. The four Rodman guns stuck in the ground have since been removed, but the memorial still stands. …


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Today in History - November 6 https://t.co/Q07hAdj1DR On November 6, 1861, Jefferson Davis, who had been elected president of the Provisional Government of the Confederacy on February 9, 1861—as a compromise between moderates and radicals—was confirmed by the voters for a fu…


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Quote of the Day: "Freedom is nothing but a chance to be better." - Albert Camus


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Friday, November 05, 2021

Particles From the Sun Produce Light Show on Earth via NASA https://t.co/GnsqLmCia6 https://t.co/imzJL8RjFj


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District Grocery Stores was a cooperative of some 300 independent grocery stores that pooled their resources to buy stock collectively at reduced prices. The group lasted 50 years, from 1922 to 1972. https://t.co/8tr4JwhOQx District Grocery Stores was a cooperative of some 300…


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This 1606 map of Morocco features a pictorial view of Peñón de Vélez de la Gomera, a Spanish fortress which remains under Spanish control today. Take a closer look here: https://t.co/2nQ5UOfzh9 https://t.co/gwDZPyzYij This 1606 map of Morocco features a pictorial view of Peñó…


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The DC Library's Go-Go collection began in 2012 as an archive for all things related to the homegrown genre, from interview transcripts to artifacts like drum sticks from the Back-Yard Band. https://t.co/mrF7TbXA7x #DCHistory The DC Library's Go-Go collection began in 2012 a…


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The Saturday forecast is perfect for a walking tour! ⛅️ If you prefer to experience DC on foot, register today for our @WashingtonWalks and DC History Center tour of Mount Vernon Square. Register TODAY for the Nov. 6 tour starting at 11:00 am. @MVTCID https://t.co/44iHbz3HJv T…


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Learn more about this amazing set of 19th century maps depicting a trip down the Niger River in our latest blog post! #FridayReads Read all about it here: https://t.co/bkFyFdFphV https://t.co/SFxoAQCVPF Learn more about this amazing set of 19th century maps depicting a trip d…


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The Top 5 Longreads of the Week

Here are five stories that moved us this week, and the reasons why.

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1. Homegrown and Homeless in Oakland*

Kevin Fagan, Sarah Ravani, Lauren Hepler, J.K. Dineen | San Francisco Chronicle | November 3, 2021 | 4,639 words

There’s not a major city in the state of California that hasn’t found itself grappling with a decade-long explosion of homelessness, and not a discussion that doesn’t devolve into blaming decades-older canards like deinstitutionalization and drug abuse. But as this exhaustively and empathically reported piece shows, it’s never as simple as a talking point. For the sixth in the Chronicle’s annual Homeless Project series, the paper crosses the Bay to profile four unhoused people in Oakland — all of whom grew up in the city, and all of whom owned their own home at one time. In their stories of loss and perseverance, accompanied by photography and data visualizations that are breathtaking for all the wrong reasons, we find ever-present reminders that there is no one cause for this epidemic. The only universal, it seems, is the tragedy and struggle that ensues when this country fails its own citizens. —PR

*Requires a subscription

2. Selling Certainty

Eric Boodman | STAT | October 20, 2021 | 7,300 words

Imagine being in such intense pain that it hurts to put on clothes. When a physician finally provides a diagnosis, it feels like a guess. Then along comes a blood test that promises a definitive answer and access to a clinical trial that could change everything. Who wouldn’t seize the opportunity? This is what happened to fibromyalgia patients who took the FM/a Test, produced by a company called EpicGenetics. Problem being, as Eric Boodman explains, the manufacturer was “using an aborted trial to sell an unproven test to people who were desperate.” Boodman’s feature is a Russian doll of scientific mysteries: Why doesn’t the FDA vet all home medical tests? How do companies get away with false advertising? What is fibromyalgia? And there are some genuinely eyebrow-raising tidbits along the way. Case in point, a health executive “who went back into retirement to focus on writing novels to rescue the reputation of the historical Dracula.” —SD

3. A Death Full of Life

Gabrielle Anctil | Beside | September 27, 2021 | 2200 words

Reading Gabrielle Anctil’s piece for Beside I was struck by how unusual it was. While people talk about death, the issue of what we do with our physical remains still feels like something we speak about in hushed tones, the mere thought of lifeless bodies conducive to nervous looks and anxious gestures. I was therefore impressed with the understated and matter-of-fact way Anctil tackles a fascinating subject: How our approach to our earthly remains has evolved along with our religions and beliefs. Cremation did not become popular until the ’80s, but now we often “see urns resting upon mantelpieces, if departed loved ones’ ashes haven’t simply been scattered in a meaningful place. The cemetery has lost its nobility.” Anctil also addresses an issue I had not yet considered: The environmental impact of what we do with the dead. I was amazed to learn that funerals use enough wood “to build 4.5 million houses,” while embalmed Americans are “buried with 19.5 million litres of embalming fluids.” Even a single cremation uses “two full SUV gas tanks of fuel, to say nothing of the carcinogenic particles that are released into the atmosphere.” Despite this harsh reality, quiet beauty still reverberates through this essay, as Anctil acknowledges our need for “a site where we can feel the pain of separation and continue to nurture our relationship with those who have passed on.” —CW

4. Cresting the Wave

Joe Hagan | Texas Highways | October 28, 2021 | 3,307 words

“[E]very attempt to catch a wave felt deeply personal, a test of will against the world, the desire to surf as powerful as the desire for identity itself.” There are so many gorgeous lines in Joe Hagan’s recent essay in Texas Highways. He reminisces about learning to surf and being a child growing up on the shores of Padre Island in Texas. Beautifully recalling these memories, Hagan writes of personal reinvention, and of the search for identity. In this process, he discovers deeper layers within his rich and complicated family history and faces an earth-shattering truth about his birth. Amid all of this is the anchor of place — the Gulf Coast, Bob Hall Pier, the waves themselves — and the memory and truth it can hold. I’m inspired by this story — it moves me to write. —CLR

5. Finding Joy in the Unknown: an Interview with Dara McAnulty

Emmanuel Vaughan-Lee | Emergence Magazine | October 26, 2021 | 5,722 words

At Emergence Magazine, Dara McAnulty talks about his book Diary of a Young Naturalist, his love for the natural world, and what he’s learned from writing and publishing a book as a teen. Reading Diary helped me appreciate McAnulty’s deep commitment to the environment. In nature McAnulty finds joy and delight, feelings often tempered by the despair of human ambivalence toward our planet. What’s most inspiring about this interview is McAnulty’s renewed faith in the artist’s power to persuade others to help preserve Earth for future generations. “The entire battle of the book for me…is this inner struggle in me about whether or not art or writing or music is worth it. Can it make a difference? Can it change people’s minds? Can it change the world? I think at the end of the book, I realized that yeah, it can. It’s done it before. It changes people’s minds. It shows people the way that the world could be, in spite of the way that it is now. And only by seeing that future can we work towards it. That’s the artist’s job: to show the way that the world can be.” Longreads ran an excerpt of Diary of a Young Naturalist earlier this year. It’s worth your time. —KS



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The thousands of WWI veterans marching on Washington demanding their military pensions got a surprise visit from Eleanor Roosevelt on May 16, 1933. https://t.co/QrHob0acqc #DCHistory The thousands of WWI veterans marching on Washington demanding their military pensions got a…


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The Brick Bar Restaurant on New York Avenue. 1930s matchbook cover. https://t.co/cgIlS2HwiR The Brick Bar Restaurant on New York Avenue. 1930s matchbook cover. https://t.co/cgIlS2HwiR — Streets of Washington (@StreetsOfDC) Nov 5, 2021


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Today in History - November 5 https://t.co/oOD6TVKaxE On November 5, 1844, Democratic candidate James K. Polk defeated Whig Party candidate Henry Clay to become the eleventh president of the United States. Continue reading. Click here to search Today in History for other hi…


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Quote of the Day: "You always admire what you really don't understand." - Blaise Pascal


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Thursday, November 04, 2021

In 1892, John Philip Sousa left his position as conductor of the U.S. Marine Band, a decision that saddened many D.C. residents. https://t.co/3BmjXHkw8M #DCHistory In 1892, John Philip Sousa left his position as conductor of the U.S. Marine Band, a decision that saddened man…


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A composite of photographs taken from aircraft, this stunning aerial map of New York City provides an incredible view of the city as it was in 1924! Take a closer look here: https://t.co/f48LogWTGx https://t.co/hRB0c3OuAP A composite of photographs taken from aircraft, this s…


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Do you have memories about the Walter Reed Medical Center? Come share them with us at our final community meeting, taking place virtually tonight! To learn more click here: https://t.co/v8IAPPWTI9 https://t.co/WiaRiEqASI Do you have memories about the Walter Reed Medical Cent…


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On July 16, 1978, a group of Native Americans arrived in #WashingtonDC all the way from Alcatraz Island in San Francisco for a spiritual and political demonstration. https://t.co/gI0St1KKAh On July 16, 1978, a group of Native Americans arrived in #WashingtonDC all the way fr…


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Hundreds of guests at the National Hotel contracted a mysterious illness after staying there in the spring of 1857. The most well-known person to come down with the disease was James Buchanan. https://t.co/JzmyZF81AJ #DCHistory Hundreds of guests at the National Hotel contra…


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Made in the 1890s by Alexander Gorman, this bird's eye view map shows northwest of the city of Alexandria, Virginia including a view of Washington D.C. in the background! Take a closer look here: https://t.co/AiW25wc9J5 https://t.co/QNp4k4CSjy Made in the 1890s by Alexander G…


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Hubble Images Colorful Planetary Nebula Ringed by Hazy Halo via NASA https://t.co/hFyOOiDuEc https://t.co/6EjB0r5JvR


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Today in History - November 4 https://t.co/07FIEnaCcB On November 4, 1884, Democrat Grover Cleveland defeated Republican James G. Blaine ending a particularly acrimonious campaign. Continue reading. Click here to search Today in History for other historic moments.


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There Are No Seasons: A Reading List on Loss, Love, and Living with Fire in California

By Cheri Lucas Rowlands

As a child in Northern California, fall was my favorite time of year. My birthday is in mid-August, so I was always ready to tackle the next school year, and was excited because our hottest days, our true summer, had yet to come. But the past several years have felt different here, ever since the Tubbs Fire tore through Sonoma, Napa, and Lake counties in October 2017. This deadly, unprecedented fire blazed across canyons and hills, jumped the 101 freeway, and cut through the city of Santa Rosa without warning — destroying entire neighborhoods in the night and killing 22 people.

Growing up on the San Francisco Peninsula in the ’80s, the image of the Forest Service’s mascot, Smokey Bear, was ubiquitous, but while we were taught that wildfire was a threat, it was a theoretical danger to us. As I’ve gotten older, fire has mostly remained a disaster that has happened somewhere else. The fall of 2017, then, felt markedly different: from then on, fire was no longer confined to wilderness. It found its way into cities, to the Pacific coast, to places previously thought as safe. It forced us to wear N95 masks long before the pandemic. It turned our sky orange. It has made us question where in the West, ultimately, is safe from fires — and the effects of climate change. But, as the writers below know, that place does not exist.

Two years ago, Longreads writer Tessa Love published a beautiful braided essay on fire, home, and belonging. We ran it to coincide with the one-year anniversary of the Camp Fire, which ignited in Butte County on November 8, 2018, and obliterated the town of Paradise, near Chico, near where Love grew up. The Camp Fire remains the deadliest wildfire in California’s history, killing 85 people and destroying over 18,000 structures.

Love and I had been in the latter stages of editing her piece in October 2019 when fires sparked across Northern California yet again. One of these wildfires, the Kincade Fire, forced my family to evacuate our home in West Sonoma County. I guess this is where I’m supposed to say something like, it felt so surreal to pack up and leave my home while editing this essay on someone else’s experience with wildfire. But the truth is that when my husband and I became experts at packing go bags — and had memorized the zone lines on our local evacuation map — I no longer viewed fire as a mere possibility. It was a given, and something that directly affected our community. It had been the third year in a row that we had either evacuated our home or packed our valuables into our cars just in case, so no, it was not surreal. It was the new normal.

As we approach the anniversary of the Camp Fire, Northern California is recovering from a recent powerful storm. But the threat of fire this year remains, even as November brings cooler temperatures. Because when it comes to fire, there really are no seasons.

At the moment, there’s no shortage of reported features about wildfires; I’ve read some notable pieces recently, like Andrea Stanley on climate trauma and the need for long-term mental health support for communities like Paradise, Zora Thomas on what it’s like to be a hotshot firefighter, and Lauren Markham on how assisted forest migration can help save our trees. I’d also recommend David Ferris on the devastating CZU Lightning Complex, which burned in San Mateo and Santa Cruz counties in fall 2020, and its effects on the region’s ancient coast redwoods, which are the tallest living things on the planet. For this reading list, however, I’ve selected six personal essays, including “California Burning,” the story that Love and I worked on together. Each piece uses the spark of fire to explore other themes, whether home and belonging, or idleness, or memory.

California Burning (Tessa Love, Longreads, November 2019)

Tessa Love grew up in Butte Creek Canyon, where wildfire shaped her life. She now lives in Berlin, and when the Camp Fire raced through the canyon and destroyed the town of Paradise in November 2018, she recounts what it was like to track the fire online, to watch it consume her family’s corner of the earth from the other side of the world. She also ponders destruction through the context of her own life, having escaped a five-year relationship and an ever-changing Oakland and Bay Area that she no longer identified with. I’m such a fan of Love’s writing — she poured all of herself into this piece — and I appreciate how she examines the reshaping and regrowth of a place, displacement and resilience in living things (including foxes!), and the process of burning things down and building them back up.

A river carved a canyon and that canyon is carved in me. From childhood, I’ve known each of its curves like I know the shape of my own body. Every tree, every cavern, every structure. Every bend in the river, every story buried behind the seen.

When I come home six weeks after the fire, I find my geography unstitched. It’s a disorienting drive up the winding canyon road. Each burned lot, each fallen tree, undoes the map in me.

Love and the Burning West (Sarah Berns, Shondaland, June 2021)

One hot July, 21-year-old Sarah Berns was out fighting a fire with the Forest Service, digging firebreaks. As the flames approached the crew, falling embers singed her forearm hair, the air grew dense, and at that moment, she thought she was about to die. “Please don’t let me die a virgin,” she thought. After that near-death experience, Berns decided to take matters into her own hands — literally. She spent the rest of that fire season building a bed made from logs in the national forest, one fit “for a life-defining event,” and hauled it to campus back east, determined to have sex before graduation. Her essay is a fresh and unexpected coming-of-age read on fire — and finding oneself.

When that fire had closed in on me the summer before, I fixated on sex as the thing I hadn’t yet experienced. But really I was terrified of dying before I could find something — find the woman I was to become, on my own terms.

A Talent for Sloth (Philip Connors, Lapham’s Quarterly, September 2017)

In this meditation on nature and solitude, Philip Connors describes his routine as a fire lookout not in California, but in New Mexico’s Gila National Forest, overseeing nearly a million acres of fire-prone wilderness. For the past decade, Connors has spent several months of each year in a glass tower on a 10,000-foot peak, which allows him to see as far as 180 miles away on a clear day. Only 500 lookout towers in the U.S. remain, mostly in the West; he describes the quiet moments he spends atop his perch, watching birds, observing clouds, writing and reading, and — of course — spotting fires.

A new fire often looks beautiful, first a wisp of white like a feather, a single snag puffing a little finger of smoke in the air. I see it before it has a name. Like Adam with an animal before him, I will give it one, after I nail down its location and call it in to dispatch. We try to name the fires after a nearby landmark—a canyon, peak, or spring—but there is often a touch of poetic license involved.

Autumn Inferno (Nicole R. Zimmerman, Cagibi, October 2021)

“It’s fire season in California. October, my birthday month. Fall was always my favorite. But that was before.” Nicole R. Zimmerman’s essay in the most recent online issue of Cagibi hit close to home for me. She divides her observations by year, detailing her and her partner’s experiences during the Northern California firestorms of 2020, 2019, 2018, and 2017: the Walbridge, Glass, Kincade, and Tubbs fires. As I recall my own timeline during these fires, her details stick to me: how the elderly residents in Oakmont, a senior living community, were dressed in pajamas and robes as they were evacuated at one in the morning. Or how her friends, unable to escape because a fire blocked their only exit, raced down a hill through burning woods to jump into a swimming pool. Beyond her encounters with fire, there’s also a deeper personal layer, revealing a longtime estrangement from her mother, which makes the piece all the more poignant.

My mother’s rental home, situated at the southern edge of the encroaching flames, stood among some three thousand residences in the mandatory evacuation zone. Although we live just thirty minutes away, I have never been to her house—not this one. I typed her address into the live fire map. A black dot marked its location. I clicked the plus sign to magnify her street, which was surrounded by a plethora of red dots, each marking hot spots. When my wife entered the room, I pointed at the computer screen, speechless. It was Yom Kippur, the day of atonement. Kristen cradled my head to her chest as my tears rained down.

Location Not Found (Angella d’Avignon, Real Life, February 2019)

About 95 percent of the structures in Paradise, and the neighboring community of Concow, were destroyed from the Camp Fire. How do you map a loss like this? In “Location Not Found,” Angella d’Avignon tours Paradise from the comfort of her screen, months after it burned to the ground. In Google’s Street View, businesses and restaurants eerily stand and seem frozen in time, as if the digital version of the town still hasn’t caught up with the destruction. She searches the Cal Fire database, where you can search an address for images of damage, and describes the devastation: a melted garage door, skeletons of appliances, the vestiges of an American flag wrapped around a charred pole. She browses outdated Yelp pages — the virtual equivalent of abandoned, boarded-up storefronts. I enjoy Real Life’s commentary across topics, whether death or friendship; d’Avignon’s thoughts on voyeurism, loss, and digital ghost towns is no exception.

Paradise is not a post-industry ghost town but one abandoned and leveled by a wickedly fast wildfire exacerbated by climate change. So when the past happens overnight, how will technology decide to reflect the new (or newest) reality? How quickly can you update a disaster site?

Objects of Fire (Tessa Love, The Believer, June 2021)

When you’ve lost everything, is it even worth grieving a single object? “A thing may not be a life,” writes Tessa Love, “but a life is built of things.” I wanted to end this list with another piece from Love — a compilation of oral histories on the belongings that people left behind as they fled their homes. Poems written by Devi Pride’s father, stuffed inside a book, which she never had a chance to read. Irreplaceable postcards that Amy Thomason received as a child from her dad, when he was on tour in Europe. The last photograph taken of Mike Richard’s great-aunt Esther, who was a nurse in both World Wars. Or the silverware of Peggy Bailey’s grandmother, a spiritual woman who had taught her a lot about death. Love publishes 10 stories in all: a small sample yet lovely archive of life.

I was very close to my father’s mother, a spiritual woman. She taught me a lot at a very young age about who we are as humans and spirits. How we understand death. … After she passed, I inherited her silverware. That didn’t make it through the fire. I had several of her beautiful antiques, but nothing affected me in the same way as her silverware. I was touching it; I was using it in the way she used it. Every day it was a treat to pick it up, eat with it, wash it, and think of her. When I touched it, I felt, Ah, there she is. It was the same in the car with my grandson. I knew my dad was speaking through him. There he is.



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Wednesday, November 03, 2021

Listening and talking to musicians playing at Frank Holliday's Pool Hall was how the young Duke Ellington grew into his own musical identity. https://t.co/XnxODcxbzw #DCHistory Listening and talking to musicians playing at Frank Holliday's Pool Hall was how the young Duke El…


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This eye-catching 1747 diagram by renowned mapmaker Emanuel Bowen depicts the solar system "with the orbits of 5 remarkable comets." See the full diagram here: https://t.co/hL9LM19eMx https://t.co/GZRy5WkfbW This eye-catching 1747 diagram by renowned mapmaker Emanuel Bowen de…


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When the CIA headquarters was being designed, only a handful of its architects had top security clearance, so most of the team mapped out specific rooms without knowing what purpose they would serve. https://t.co/31d7Uz112I #VAHistory #DCHistory When the CIA headquarters was…


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In 1993, Bill Clinton chose the Metropolitan A.M.E. Church, located right around the corner from the White House, for his inaugural morning prayer service. https://t.co/QVSSvAqCyN #DCHistory In 1993, Bill Clinton chose the Metropolitan A.M.E. Church, located right around the…


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A crowd, some with cameras, some in formal attire, gathers in front of the Spanish Embassy at 2801 16th Street NW on a winter day in the 1950s. No other markings on this slide to indicate what all the fuss was about. https://t.co/RB6rGD87Dp A crowd, some with cameras, some in …


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Today in History - November 3 https://t.co/HvjZTUYTOv The experimental Provincetown Players opened their first New York season on November 3, 1916, at 139 MacDougal Street in Greenwich Village. Continue reading. Click here to search Today in History for other historic momen…


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Quote of the Day: "A life spent making mistakes is not only more honorable, but more useful than a life spent doing nothing." - George Bernard Shaw


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Tuesday, November 02, 2021

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Walking tours aren’t just for tourists! Join us November 6 for a @WashingtonWalks and DCHC tour of Mt. Vernon Square. Reserve your ticket here: https://t.co/MZAlUzW6TK 📷: Aerial of Mt. Vernon Square and Carnegie Library (Kiplinger Washington, https://t.co/jWUXBjgqyL) …


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This Revolutionary War-era map of Camden, New Jersey, illustrated with watercolor, shows river ferry locations, local roads, and distances to nearby towns. Take a closer look here: https://t.co/IczCF3YlrL https://t.co/TVhuhRfPSA This Revolutionary War-era map of Camden, New J…


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Event to explore alley development in D.C.’s Columbia Heights https://t.co/SMeGrflteu Event to explore alley development in D.C.’s Columbia Heights https://t.co/SMeGrflteu — Streets of Washington (@StreetsOfDC) Nov 2, 2021


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Although there were several D.C. orchestras in the late 1800s, including the Georgetown Amateur Orchestra, the District didn't establish a serious professional ensemble until the early 1930s. https://t.co/vGMG0G6Hs5 #DCHistory #NSO Although there were several D.C. orchestras…


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Lots of pets today get famous on social media, but their owners probably don't give out bronze miniatures modeled after them like Warren Harding did for his dog Laddie Boy. https://t.co/yVePqG4Zeo #DCHistory Lots of pets today get famous on social media, but their owners pro…


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An Aurora Seen From Space via NASA https://t.co/vQDYHy4thy https://t.co/U3PtPbQzpI


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The Liberty Cafe, located at the eastern end of the H Street NE commercial strip. Matchbook cover from the 1930s or 1940s. https://t.co/X7pfsW2lTh The Liberty Cafe, located at the eastern end of the H Street NE commercial strip. Matchbook cover from the 1930s or 1940s. …


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Today in History - November 2 https://t.co/qZwmwyoUGP Mary Todd Lincoln corresponded with her husband on November 2, 1862, advising him of popular sentiment against the cautious command of General of the Army of the Potomac George B. McClellan. Continue reading. On November…


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The Strange True Tale of ‘Castro’s No. 1 Killer’

Tony PerrottetThe Atavist Magazine | October 2021 | 9 minutes (2,476 words)

This is an excerpt from The Atavist‘s issue no. 120, “The Butcher of Havana,” written by Tony Perrottet and illustrated by Patrick Leger.

Part One

On the balmy night of April 9, 1959, a little over three months after Fidel Castro and Che Guevara seized power in Cuba, a group of famous international writers gathered in El Floridita, a popular restaurant in Old Havana. They were an urbane set—Tennessee Williams, George Plimpton, Elaine Dundy, and her husband, Kenneth Tynan—and they were expecting to carouse with Cuba’s most beloved yanqui, Ernest Hemingway. Instead, they encountered another Midwestern expatriate, wearing a wide military belt and a hulking .45 service revolver.

The Atavist, our sister publication, publishes one deeply reported, elegantly designed story each month. Support The Atavist by becoming a member.

Burly and tattooed, the man had rough-hewn good looks. He was in his late thirties—more than two decades younger than Hemingway—and stood five-foot-ten, with thick brown hair and, in the words of his draft card, a “ruddy” complexion. An English journalist later described him as “tall, straight and meanly friendly,” with striking blue eyes that, “yellowing after only a few beers, suggested company dangerous to keep when drunk.” The American’s words tumbled out in the distinctively nasal accent of someone from blue-collar Milwaukee. He pronounced “that” as “dat” and dropped his g’s. He was the uneducated son of Polish immigrants, the type of man one of Williams’s own fictional snobs might have called a redneck.

But if his origins were humble, at El Floridita the man needed no introduction. His image had appeared on the front pages of newspapers across the United States. In fact, after Hemingway, he was probably the most notorious American in the Caribbean. His name was Herman Marks, and he had risen through the ranks of Castro’s rebel army to command the revolution’s firing squads. Around Havana, there were rumors that he had a sadistic streak; his version of a coup de grâce, it was said, was to empty his pistol into a condemned man’s face, so relatives could not recognize the corpse. Marks’s brutal work had earned him a nickname: He was El Carnicero—the Butcher.

The literati peppered him with questions, and Marks responded with pride. He boasted of being second-in-command to Che himself at La Cabaña prison, and declared that he was so busy, he conducted nightly executions until 2 a.m., and sometimes until dawn. He called the proceedings “festivities” and showed off his cuff links made from spent bullet shells.

Marks knew what the gathered writers were really after. It was an open secret in Havana that he invited select visitors to the executions, which were conducted in the empty stone moat around La Cabaña, beneath a giant floodlit statue of Christ with outstretched arms. American politicians, journalists, starlets, and socialites had all made discreet inquiries about watching a firing squad do its work. Williams, whose grandfather had been a minister, forlornly felt that he might comfort a condemned man by offering “a small encouraging smile” before he was shot.

On this particular night, Marks told the group at El Floridita, he had a busy schedule. The prisoners awaiting execution included a German mercenary. “He made the invitation as easily as he might have offered a round of cocktails at his home,” Plimpton later recalled. Marks counted the visitors out: “Let’s see… five of you… quite easy… we’ll drive over by car… tight squeeze…”

Unnoticed by the others, Tynan had been listening to Marks with growing horror, and now the Englishman leapt to his feet and began shouting. According to Plimpton, the red-faced theater critic squinted his eyes and flapped his arms like an enormous bird while denouncing Marks. He didn’t want to be in the same room as an executioner, Tynan gasped, let alone witness his handiwork. He would attend the execution only to run in front of the firing squad to protect the condemned. Tynan then stormed out of the bar, followed by Dundy.

“What the hell was that?” asked Marks. He told the remaining writers to meet him in the lobby of a nearby hotel at 8 p.m.

* * *

Almost nothing about Herman Marks’s early life suggested that he would someday play a pivotal role in a Latin American revolution. He was born in Milwaukee in 1921, and raised in a neighborhood of shoddy brick houses and bare streets. His father, Frederick, was an unemployed alcoholic who beat him; his mother, Martha Yelich, barely kept the family afloat by working as a short-order cook in a diner. He does not appear to have been close with his elder sister, Elsie, or his younger one, Dorothy; but he remained devoted to his mother throughout his life, in his own eccentric fashion.

The Markses’ volatile marriage crumbled during the Great Depression, when Herman was 12. After his mother remarried, Herman began getting into trouble. He skipped classes and was expelled from every school he attended; at 14, he was sent to a reformatory, where he ran away on three occasions and was once caught stealing a car. Over the next two decades, he was arrested 32 times in ten states, from Hawaii to Maine, mostly for drunkenness, petty theft, and disorderly conduct.

He never stayed more than three months in any one place, working odd jobs in factories, on docks, and at horse ranches. In April 1939, he joined the merchant marine, and he served in the Pacific during World War II. (He later claimed in court that he “had been in jails all over” the region, including while on shore leave in Australia.) After the war, Marks floated aimlessly around the United States, Mexico, and Canada, adding to his rap sheet: vagrancy in Texas, public drunkenness in Ohio and North Dakota, attempted grand larceny in New York City, and “prowling” in Las Vegas, a crime for which he was given 30 days in jail and then told to leave town. In Los Angeles in 1949, he robbed an elderly woman, drunkenly grabbing her by the throat. According to the police report, he only made away with naphthalene mothballs “to the value of 29 cents.” He got six months for assault but escaped from jail with two friends. While fleeing, all three seriously hurt their ankles after jumping from a dangerous height; Marks and one of the other men limped on for weeks, until they were caught in Galveston, Texas, and sent back to California to finish their sentences.

Back home in Milwaukee, at age 27, Marks brawled with his mother’s third husband and physically threw him out of the house. (Yelich took her son’s side; he was fined five dollars by local authorities for his actions.) Later that same year, he was arrested and convicted of carnal knowledge with a 16-year-old girl. According to the police report, Marks was working as a stable hand and met the girl at a bar, where, the police conceded, she had shown the bartender a birth certificate that said she was an adult. The pair then attended a riotous celebration in a barn where, an investigator noted, “drinking and sex parties went on almost nightly.” Marks was sentenced to three and a half years in prison.

His niece, Penlo Hobbs, remembered her relatives being frightened of Uncle Herman well before he entered the state penitentiary in Waupun. “He was the bogeyman,” she said. “We weren’t allowed to have anything to do with him.” Even Marks’s mother had reservations about her son. “I don’t know what happened to him,” she once told the Milwaukee Sentinel. “Whatever he did was not my fault. I sent him to parochial school and raised him good.”

She said Marks was generous when he wasn’t broke, lavishing her with bouquets of flowers, but mainly he spent his money on girls and booze. And he had an explosive temper. “He was always drinking and fighting,” his mother said. “As soon as somebody said anything wrong, he was up and mad.” Marks’s erratic personality was symbolized by his tattoos. His left arm bore a double heart inscribed with the words “Love, Nellie.” (There is no record of who Nellie was.) On his right arm was a skull pierced with a dagger, alongside the military motto “Death Before Dishonor.”

His mother took Marks in after he was released from Waupun penitentiary in 1955. A few months later he left home again. “He kissed me one day and said he was going,” his mother recalled. Somebody took a photo of him looking bronzed and fit, which Yelich carried in her purse until the day she died. “I don’t think he knew where he was going,” she said. “He was looking for something.”

He found it on a shrimp boat in Florida. While hauling nets in late 1957, he ran into some men he knew from his days in the merchant marine. They were from Cuba, an island Marks had visited several times in the service, and once as a tourist. It was now embroiled in a civil war between leftist revolutionary guerrillas, led by a young lawyer named Fidel Castro, and the military dictatorship of Fulgencio Batista. That Christmas, Marks learned that one of his Cuban friends had been murdered in Havana by military police; they purportedly broke into the man’s house one night and shot him dead at his kitchen table. Soon after hearing the news, Marks went to an army surplus store in Key West and bought olive drab fatigues and paratrooper boots. With a Colt .45 revolver, $400 in cash, and “about ten words in Spanish,” as he later put it, Marks took a boat to Cuba. His plan was as audacious as it was simple: He would join the revolution.

Havana was under military curfew, with Batista’s menacing, blue-uniformed intelligence officers patrolling the streets. Loitering in the city’s bars, Marks failed to find any agents of M-26-7, Castro’s underground 26th of July Movement, named for the date of the group’s first armed uprising. So Marks took a bus east to the sleepy town of Manzanillo, in the tropical foothills of the Sierra Maestra, where he met two young Cubans also hoping to join the guerrillas. The trio hiked for three nights before reaching a jungle outpost of some 40 rebels under the command of Captain Paco Cabrera. An English-speaking officer interrogated Marks. Like many of the roughly two dozen yanquis who ultimately joined Cuba’s rebellion, Marks rewrote his personal history. According to one guerrilla, he claimed that he was a Korean War veteran; to others, he explained that his facility with weapons was born of a childhood enthusiasm for guns. He was accepted into the group with a meal of beef and celebratory rum.

Marks’s profile among the guerrillas rose when he saw three teenagers fumbling with a U.S. Army .30-caliber machine gun and stepped in to show them how to disassemble and clean it. By the time he was finished, a crowd had gathered around him, with men holding up rusted and broken weapons, wordlessly appealing for help. He was soon tasked with fixing the array of firearms used by rebel forces, everything from sport rifles to shotguns to carbines dating back to Cuba’s colonial days.

Marks was assigned to the unit led by Che Guevara, which suffered the highest casualties in the rebel army—one of its cohorts was dubbed the suicide squad. Marks quickly rose through the ranks to become a captain. In the spring of 1958, Che transferred him to Minas del Frío, a rebel stronghold, where Marks helped establish a military school and train recruits to repel the impending Operation Finish Fidel, a mass invasion of the Sierra Maestra by Batista’s army, which outnumbered the guerrillas 100 to 1. By May, Marks was on the front lines of combat. In one skirmish, he broke three teeth on a rock when he tripped leading a charge; in another, he led a group of 18 rebels who disabled a 250-man convoy in an ambush.

By August, Batista’s generals had to admit that they could not dislodge the guerrillas, and the army withdrew from the Sierra Maestra. The following month, Marks volunteered to join Che on a harrowing 350-mile mission across the mosquito-filled swamps of the eastern lowlands. The rebels hoped to establish a new base in the Escambray Mountains of central Cuba and use it to seize enough ground to effectively cut the island in half. In a biography of Castro, journalist Tad Szulc observed that the expedition, where the men would abandon the known terrain of the Sierra to trudge across exposed, unknown, and hostile territory, “must have seemed like a demented plan.” Che warned volunteers that conditions would be miserable, food short, and casualties likely close to 50 percent. Marks signed up anyway.

Although most of the mission’s men survived the trek, it was universally agreed to be the most grueling campaign of the entire war. Che’s column walked mostly at night to avoid army patrols and strafing airplanes. They forded rivers naked and once traversed a shallow lagoon filled with razor-sharp plants. They suffered from dire hunger and endured hurricane-fueled rain. “I’ve been through enough mud and water to last me the rest of my life,” Che wrote to Castro. “Hunger, thirst, weariness, the feeling of impotence against the enemy forces that were increasingly closing in on us, and above all, the terrible foot disease that the peasants called mazamorra—which turned each step our soldiers took into an intolerable torment—had made us an army of shadows.”

During a skirmish, Marks was wounded in the knee and ankle. Infection set in. “Pus and blood was continuously running, and I couldn’t get a shoe on my foot,” he later said. He had trudged with Che for over a month to get to the Escambray Mountains, but the possibility of fatal gangrene now threatened. Che decided to get the yanqui to safety. In early November, supporters of M-26-7 smuggled Marks from a farm into the city of Santa Clara, where he was dispatched by plane to Key West for medical care.

Although he had gone to great lengths to make sure Marks did not succumb to his injury, privately Che was not unhappy to see him go, writing in his war journal that the American “fundamentally … didn’t fit into the troop.” One of Che’s close aides, Enrique Acevedo, told biographer Jon Lee Anderson that Marks was “brave and crazy in combat, tyrannical and arbitrary in the peace of camp.” According to Acevedo, the American’s ruthless nature had disturbed the Cuban recruits—particularly his readiness to volunteer for execution duty, which he did with “an enthusiasm that was unseemly.”

The Cubans’ reaction to Marks echoed that of a reform-school psychiatrist who’d encountered him when he was 16. The psychiatrist reported that Marks was oddly detached—“a very stolid emotionless person when not excited” who “shows almost a lack of adequate feeling in respect to situations he finds himself in.” Later, when Marks was in Waupun prison, the facility’s psychiatrist found that he was “amoral rather than immoral,” and was “narcissistic in his makeup.”

These assessments would resonate throughout Marks’s peculiar career in Cuba.

Read the full story at The Atavist



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Monday, November 01, 2021

Victims of Flight 537's crash in the Potomac River in 1949 included Rep. George Bates of MA and new York cartoonist Helen Hokinson. https://t.co/tznG00vTtv #DCHistory Victims of Flight 537's crash in the Potomac River in 1949 included Rep. George Bates of MA and new York car…


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Ambrose E. Burnside was not the most competent Civil War general, but he is still remembered for his facial hair. https://t.co/EWSy8MLNcr #VAHistory Ambrose E. Burnside was not the most competent Civil War general, but he is still remembered for his facial hair. …


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This 1885 panoramic map of Madison, Wisconsin is a prominent advertisement for a local machinery company. Take a closer look here: https://t.co/5Iyrro24w7 https://t.co/kX3gUTZJAw This 1885 panoramic map of Madison, Wisconsin is a prominent advertisement for a local machinery …


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Before Prohibition, #WashingtonDC placed a ban on alcohol...because it was believed to be the cause of the city's cholera epidemic. https://t.co/bZVxaobQji Before Prohibition, #WashingtonDC placed a ban on alcohol...because it was believed to be the cause of the city's chole…


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When the Congressional Library was moved to a building across from the Capitol in 1897, underground conveyor belts were created to make it easier for Congressmen to access the books. https://t.co/fFJ4fMqWYi #DCHistory When the Congressional Library was moved to a building ac…


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Before it became part of the Emerson Preparatory School, the townhouse at 1326 18th Street NW was the headquarters of the Daughters of Union Veterans of the Civil War, as seen in this early 20th century postcard. https://t.co/qBXuF14icb Before it became part of the Emerson Pre…


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This D.C. school was a refuge for troubled teens. Now, after 168 years, it’s closed for good. https://t.co/BTxMp3EA2e This D.C. school was a refuge for troubled teens. Now, after 168 years, it’s closed for good. https://t.co/BTxMp3EA2e — Streets of Washington (@StreetsOfDC) …


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Today in History - November 1 https://t.co/dKoWAfBaVN On November 1, 1897, the new Library of Congress building opened its doors to the public. Continue reading. Click here to search Today in History for other historic moments.


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Sunday, October 31, 2021

In the late 1800s, the bathtubs in the basements of the Senate and the House weren't just for relaxation. Some Congressmen even used them as a final step before delivering a speech. https://t.co/npLW3y6QAI #DCHistory In the late 1800s, the bathtubs in the basements of the Se…


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The movie "The Exorcist" was inspired by a real exorcism performed on a 14-year-old boy in Prince Georges County after he had supposedly been possessed by the devil. https://t.co/Y9bfr62QMZ #MDHistory The movie "The Exorcist" was inspired by a real exorcism performed on a 14…


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Detail from a circa 1902 stereoview. This charming Hallowe'en tableau may have been arranged in a studio. https://t.co/MOCZtRCnLL Detail from a circa 1902 stereoview. This charming Hallowe'en tableau may have been arranged in a studio. https://t.co/MOCZtRCnLL — Streets of Wa…


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Happy Halloween! 🎃 📷: Three boys getting “ahead of the carve” with their jack-o-lanterns, ca. 1917. Courtesy, Library of Congress https://t.co/aUaZlaRChx Happy Halloween! 🎃 📷: Three boys getting “ahead of the carve” with their jack-o-lanterns, ca. 1917. Courtesy, Library o…


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Today in History - October 31 https://t.co/tSIPgeNF8c On the night of October 31, many Americans celebrate the traditions of Halloween by dressing in costumes and telling tales of witches and ghosts. Continue reading. Click here to search Today in History for other historic…


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Quote of the Day: "Another belief of mine; that everyone else my age is an adult, whereas I am merely in disguise." - Margaret Atwood


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